1, series elastic structures (e.g.

Another important area which has both benefited from, and contributed to, the improved understanding of biological systems relates to engineering computational systems. Epub 2019 Feb 13.

Notably, the resulting new behavior can in many cases be regarded as the by-product of a powerful latent property that is present among biological systems, namely the faculty of inducing synergies between constitutive elements toward the emergence of novel or reinforced activities. As discussed in previous sections, many useful synergistic events in biological systems have been identified through systems biology and network analysis.

As a reference, in two of the animals (CA1 and CA5), we repeated our measurements with the FlexiForce sensor (Sensor 2). In yet another example, a first molecule (guanabenz) was used in order to activate a synthetic signal cascade that stimulated the secretion of a fusion protein that regulates the metabolism based on the synergistic action of a peptide (GLP-1) and the hormone leptin (Ye et al., 2013). Against this background, the question arises of whether the IrMP between adjacent muscles during contraction is in a relevant range to affect contractile function.

Balloon filling was adapted by hand before each measurement series in order to avoid complete balloon squeezing at pressures up to 1 bar. doi:10.1038/nbt.2391, Tigges, M., Marquez-Lago, T., Stelling, J., and Fussenegger, M. (2009).

From large networks to small molecules.

IrMP associated with transmission of transversal forces may be functionally relevant regarding, for example, stabilisation of the spine by back muscles (Morlock et al., 1999; Rupp et al., 2015). 20, 113–123.

This is your society doi:10.1038/nbt.1557, Elowitz, M. B., and Leibler, S. (2000).

25, 1119–1126. U.S.A. 110, 141–146.

doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2009.06.010. J. Figure 3. Passive muscle force was defined as the resting muscle force at each length and measured for each contraction bout during the 100 ms period prior to muscle stimulation. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00346-5, Bell-Pedersen, D., Cassone, V. M., Earnest, D. J., Golden, S. S., Hardin, P. E., Thomas, T. L., et al. doi:10.1038/nbt.1591, Lucks, J. Nature 457, 309–312.

Synergy and contingency as driving forces for the evolution of multiple secondary metabolite production by Streptomyces species. (2011).

doi:10.1038/nrc3109, Meng, H., Wang, J., Xiong, Z., Xu, F., Zhao, G., and Wang, Y.

Biol. J. Biomed. Curr. Graph modeling of biological networks captures the relationships between the components, usually at a given length scale. They are identified using bridging centrality index that is computed as the product of its betweenness centrality and a bridging coefficient that evaluates if a node is located between high degree nodes (Table 1).

How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks. Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Journal of Experimental Biology. Biotechnol. A second module was responsible for the production of pyocin, an antibiotic and of E7 lysis protein causing the chassis to lyse and resulting in the release of pyocin (Saeidi et al., 2011). Nature 456, 516–519. (2013) proposes an efficient identification of multicomponent synergies that rely on the particular topological properties of the nodes (Disease-Protein) in the disease network that are constructed from protein–protein interactions and expression data for the diseases under study.

This is symbolically represented by a “watch clock” for each photon that turns with a specific speed depending upon the frequency of the light. In order to avoid curvature effects [the reading of the sensor is affected by a curved surface (Ferguson-Pell et al., 2000)] and to concentrate the muscle pressure on a defined area, we equipped the sensing area (Ø 9.5 mm) with thin (0.5 mm) brass discs on its upper and lower side (Fig.

Syst. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation.

model for publishing. Examples of synergies in biology include cooperative interactions between genes or the concerted effect of individuals in bacterial colonies (Wintermute and Silver, 2010).



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