(1990). 17, 693–702. Across this continuum, some social insects achieved a major transition point of no return, where queen and workers are a lifetime morphological differentiated caste in a superorganismal level of hierarchy (Wheeler, 1911; Boomsma and Gawne, 2018). Knapp, J. J., Howse, P. E., and Kermarrec, A. Acta Etholog. : Absence of take-all decline in double-cropped fields. Spatial avoidance of both contaminated environments and sick nestmates may also reduce the risk of infection (Stroeymeyt et al., 2014; Quevillon et al., 2015; Tranter et al., 2015). (2009). A., Masiulionis, V. E., and Currie, C. R. (2013). (B) (1) A healthy garden chemical signature is (2) perceived by the antennal sensilla and (3) processed as similar to the memorized template, (4) not triggering hygienic behaviors. 24, 15–20.

AG and MB conceptualized the hypothesis and reviewed the literature. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.047, Mueller, U. C., Gerardo, N. M., Aanen, D. K., Six, D. L., and Schultz, T. R. (2005). Consumer Reports has created a produce rating — under the ominous heading “Stop Eating Pesticides” — based allegedly on pesticide residues found on those products. Selective forces between social insects and pathogenic organisms have modulated defensive strategies, adaptations in physiological traits, behavior, and social organization (Pie et al., 2004; Fernández-Marín et al., 2006; Cremer et al., 2007, 2018; Ugelvig and Cremer, 2007; Yanagawa and Shimizu, 2007; Stow and Beattie, 2008; Walker and Hughes, 2009; Wilson-Rich et al., 2009; Yanagawa et al., 2011, 2012; Konrad et al., 2012, 2018; Kamhi and Traniello, 2013; Stroeymeyt et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2015, 2019; Quevillon et al., 2015; Malagocka et al., 2019), such as communication (Rosengaus et al., 1999) and caste specialization (Hughes et al., 2003; Brown et al., 2006; Griffiths and Hughes, 2010; Abramowski et al., 2011). Ecol. (2012). Annu.

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doi: 10.1007/s10482-009-9350-7, Rodrigues, A., Mueller, U. G., Ishak, H. D., Bacci, M. Jr., and Pagnocca, F. C. (2011). PK received funding from CAPES-PrInt (grant #88887.468939/2019-00). Cavaglieri L., Passone A., Etcheverry M.: Screening procedures for selecting rhizobacteria with biocontrol effects upon Fusarium verticillioides growth and fumonisin B1 production. Biol. Learning from olfactory experience and formation of associative memories involve structural remodeling of brain centers for sensory integration and association, such as the mushroom bodies (Galizia and Rössler, 2010; Falibene et al., 2015). Rothrock C.S., Cunfer B.M. 276, 2419–2426. We would like to thank Casey Richart, John Longino, and Don Parsons for permission to adapt the photos cited in the legend of Figure 1 and to Beatriz Garcia Gonçalves for illustrating Figure 2. Schmid-Hempel, P. (1998). doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093301, Yanagawa, A., Fujiwara-Tsujii, N., Akino, T., Yoshimura, T., Yanagawa, T., and Shimizu, S. (2011). Microbiol. Cuticular structures that house Actinobacteria and where these bacteria are located on the ant integument vary per ant genus (Li et al., 2018). doi: 10.1007/s10886-014-0382-8, Biedermann, P. H., and Rohlfs, M. (2017). doi: 10.1155/2012/239392, Yek, S. H., and Mueller, U. G. (2011). A., et al. Lond. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 71, 243–248. Front. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171388. Philos.

Considering the central role of the fungal crop for fungus-growing insects, it is reasonable to consider that individual and group-level mechanisms may have evolved to avoid disease outbreaks in the fungus garden, comprising an important trait of their social immunity. Nest architecture, activity, pattern, worker density and the dynamics of disease transmission in social insects. Rev. R. Soc. J. Chem. When facing contaminations on the fungus garden, leaf-cutting workers may use behaviors such as grooming the garden by “licking” possibly contaminated areas (Currie and Stuart, 2001). doi: 10.1086/669664, Fernández-Marín, H., Nash, D. R., Higginbotham, S., Estrada, C., van Zweden, J. S., d’Ettorre, P., et al. Tripartite coevolution between the ants, the cultivated fungi and Escovopsis species are supported by patterns of phylogenetic congruence (Currie et al., 2003; Gerardo et al., 2006b). 22, 4307–4321. that inhibit potentially antagonistic fungi. Poulsen, M., and Currie, C. R. (2006).

Articles, Langone Medical Center, New York University, United States. Evolutionary interaction networks of insect pathogenic fungi. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.035, Cremer, S., Armitage, S. A. O., and Schmid-Hempel, P. (2007). PubMed  Biol. Depending on the label-template differences, (4) hygienic behaviors may or may not be triggered. Behav. The highest antibiosis activity of Arthrobacter spp. Annu. So why in the world am I writing about it? We postulate that ant workers would learn and memorize the chemical profile of harmful microorganisms, associating it with the response of the fungal crop (Figure 2, step A4). (2005). (2009). doi: 10.1038/nchembio.159, Ortius-Lechner, D., Maile, R., Morgan, E. D., and Boomsma, J. J. Procházková B., Hrubý J., Dovrtěl J., Dostál O.: Effects of different organic amendment on winter wheat yields under long-term continuous cropping. Hagedorn C., Gould W.D., Bardinelli T.R. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085442, Galizia, C. G., and Szyszka, P. (2008). J. Insec. Art. (2017). Recognition of social identity in ants. doi: 10.1007/s10886-017-0902-4, Kellner, K., Ishak, H. D., Linksvayer, T. A., and Mueller, U. G. (2015). 33, 2281–2292. doi: 10.1006/jtbi.2001.2524, Nehring, V., Evison, S. E. F., Santorelli, L. A., d’Ettorre, P., and Hughes, W. O. H. (2011). Rep. 5:15106. doi: 10.1038/srep15106, Liu, L., Zhao, X.-Y., Tang, Q.-B., Lei, C. L., and Huang, Q. Y. 25, 5795–5805. Insect. doi: 10.1007/s00049-018-0260-x, Griffiths, H. M., and Hughes, W. O. H. (2010). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01212.x, Hart, A. G., Bot, A., and Brown, M. J. Leaf-cutter ant species (Hymenoptera: Atta) differ in the types of cues used to differentiate between self and others. CAS  193, 801–824. Workers use characteristic movements of their forelegs in the metapleural gland opening, transferring gland secretions to contaminated areas (Fernández-Marín et al., 2006, 2013). 175, E126–E133. doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb01318.x, Feofilova, E. P., Ivashechkin, A.

Lithourgidis A.S., Damalas C.M., Gagians A.A. Nielsen D.C., Vigil M.F., Anderson R.L., Bowman R.A., Benjamin J.G., Halvorson A.D. Peters R.D., Sturz A.V., Carter M.R., Sanderson J.B. Procházková B., Hrubý J., Dovrtěl J., Dostál O. Zaitlin B., Turkington K., Parkinson D., Clayton G. Zelles L., Rackwitz R., Bai Q.Y., Beck T., Beese F. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-009-0062-1. Foliar substrate affects cuticular hydrocarbon profiles and intraspecific aggression in the leafcutter ant Atta sexdens. Pencil drawings by Mariana O. Barcoto: ant head was adapted from a photograph by Casey Richart (http://bit.ly/2OZ6Oyf); ant brain was adapted from Mizunami et al. For a colony-level perspective, responses could be verified through repeated inoculation of antagonistic microbes in the fungus garden, seeking evidence for learning processes, colony-memory to recognize the same pathogen or even “immunization” (Traniello et al., 2002; Ugelvig and Cremer, 2007; Walker and Hughes, 2009; Konrad et al., 2012). Philos. Rev. Evolut. Brain Behav. Social, spatial, and temporal organization in a complex insect society. doi: 10.1111/mec.14431, Mueller, U. G., Poulin, J., and Adams, R. M. M. (2004). 29, R458–R463. doi: 10.1111/lam.12759, Visser, A. Ann. Article  Do you feel like you’ve heard this story before?

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