8, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. Contributed by Emilio Bizzi, July 16, 2012 (sent for review June 15, 2012). 3, Reviews in the Neurosciences, Vol. The activity Dm was also decomposed as a combination of j = 1 … Nsmd spatial synergy vectors vjmd (see Fig. First, many studies (Roh et al., 2013) report how synergies related to the same motor function (e.g., shoulder flexion) “split into two or more clusters” (Roh et al., 2015). 51, 187–196. 2B) or by performing this merging analysis with random unaffected-arm synergies (P < 10−4; 0.81 ± 0.02) (Fig.

The AD was calculated based on the EWA directions using circular statistics.

The directions and shapes of the synergy tuning curves were quite similar across cats. Hum. doi:10.1152/jn.00222.2005, Trujillo, P., Mastropietro, A., Scano, A., Chiavenna, A., Mrakic-sposta, S., Caimmi, M., et al. 4A). Acad.

All seven pairs had high similarity values (0.89–0.98), suggesting preservation of the normal muscle synergies in the stroke-affected arm of this patient. s-EMG was recorded on the following Selected Muscles: upper trapezius (Tr), pectoralis major (Pm), deltoid anterior (Da), deltoid middle (Dm), deltoid posterior, triceps brachii caput medialis, biceps brachii caput longus, and brachioradialis (Br). D, In reconstructions across different object conditions, there were systematic variations in synergy coefficients, most prominently the one shown here for the second synergy's amplitude, c2m, when regressed against object mass. 11, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, Vol.

To choose the most suitable approach of rehabilitation links to the concept of predicting the therapy outcome.

S4). Control of fast-reaching movements by muscle synergy combinations. Synergy is often one of the goals of a merger or acquisition. A second synergy (S2) involves mainly the Tr and, less consistently, the Da, pectoralis, and biceps. 30, 1322–1336.

In other studies, subsets of cells in PMd (Stark et al., 2007a), PMv (Murata et al., 1997), and MI (Mason et al., 2002) have all been shown to be sensitive to object shape, size, and other parameters that can modulate primate prehension. The patient present very low RPS and FMA scores, and have very limited/null ROM in respect to rest/equilibrium poses.

Each element of Wirepresents a muscle whose relative contribution to the muscle synergy is time invariant and takes a value between 0 and 1. Overall, such neurons do not appear to be as well tuned to instantaneous motor parameters as they are to the final multijoint posture terminating a movement (Aflalo and Graziano, 2006) or to temporally extended trajectories (Hatsopoulos et al., 2007; Saleh et al., 2012). 4, 1 October 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. To determine the direction in which each muscle and muscle synergy were recruited to move the COP, the EWA method was employed (Kutch et al., 2010; Imagawa et al., 2013). 4A, black-to-red bars), each weighted by an amplitude history ajmd (t) as follows: doi:10.1152/jn.00670.2012, Safavynia, S. A., Torres-Oviedo, G., and Ting, L. H. (2011).

J. Neurophysiol. For this reason, complex and flexible motor control is considered to be impossible (Bernstein, 1967). 96, 1530–1546. Kinesiol.

Recruiting these muscle synergies but not individual muscles produces a force vector of various directions in a simple manner and contributes to a reduction in the redundancy in postural control.

67, 931–943. 15, No. Evidence from muscle synergies and biomechanical analysis. Central and sensory contributions to the activation and organization of muscle synergies during natural motor behaviors. This data clustering might be a valuable starting point for interpreting patients’ performance and motor recovery. 234, No. Further investigations on muscle synergies measured before and after a training period could demonstrate if, beyond synergy modification which has been already established, there could also be a cluster modification or cluster transfer between patients, defining the validity of the approach for prediction of outcome variations.

The ground reaction force was measured by a force platform (EFP-S-1.5kNSA13B, Kyowa, Tokyo, Japan). 28, 24 May 2016 | Physiological Reports, Vol. (2006) include muscles that were not included in the present study and of minor relevance in reaching production. However, clustering often leads to uneasy clinical interpretation. Muscle synergies are groups of coactivating muscles that, being controlled as a synergic group, allow simplifying the problem of motor control.

Neurosci. 47, No. For monkey G2, these units are identified by plus symbols (+) in Figure 2B. Runge, C. F., Shupert, C. L., Horak, F. B., and Zajac, F. E. (1999). 9:48. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00048, Hagio, S., and Kouzaki, M. (2014). It remains to be seen whether the synergy organization can be used to control a wide range of activities, and the extent to which synergies are shared across different types of tasks. Physiotherapy 102, 1–4. For both monkeys, these subensembles included 6 units, spanning either 247 (G1) or 56 (G2) trials. 4, No.

These patterns varied as a function of both the severity of functional impairment and the temporal distance from stroke onset.

4, 12 March 2013 | Experimental Brain Research, Vol. Such considerations lead the authors to the choice of conducting the cluster analysis considering only S1, since it strongly characterizes frontal reaching movements, as deeply explained in the previous paragraph. …ci16).

Thus, humans can accomplish the desired task. Spatiotemporal muscle synergies. In fact, selecting a therapy implicitly assumes that the clinician specifies motor functions to be trained and expected results. The majority of the extracted muscle synergies were composed of both lower leg muscles and thigh or trunk muscles and were related to the motion of the ankle, hip and knee joints. 110, No. Spatiotemporal neural synergies.

Neurosci.

The data windows were the same as those defining the EMG data except they were shifted back in time by a 50 ms delay to account for transmission latency between cortex and muscles (Morrow and Miller, 2003; Schieber and Rivlis, 2007; Stark et al., 2007b). 5, 11 February 2005 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. Feedback equilibrium control during human standing. Its role is to stabilize the shoulder, by stiffening it to prepare the elevation of the limb. 8, No. This difference in data dimensionality suggests that the apparent dissimilarity between the synergies of the two arms may be attributed to a merging of the synergies that were present before stroke in the impaired limb, a merging that persisted throughout the movement trials. Figure 5. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.071, d’Avella, A., Portone, A., Fernandez, L., and Lacquaniti, F. (2006). While individuating such difference, both the groups are characterized by global shoulder weakness and poor motor outcomes in 3D reaching movement (null or very low shoulder flexion, low clinical scales scores). These custom microdrives were mounted on a grid that was secured to the recording well and that constrained the interelectrode spacing to 1 mm. The task for healthy, young subjects was to shift and align their center of pressure (COP) to targets dispersed in 12 different directions in the horizontal plane by leaning their bodies for 10 s. Electromyograms (EMGs) of 18 muscles and COPs were recorded in the experiment.

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