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However, the Jew produced a second promissory note, properlysealed by Koslig, which the defendant stated was fraudulent. This work was not published until more than acentury after his death. 35.Seal No. 176.176. ^effrrt *iT«<^W'*Ctrrj'C ttrrwft j^> cpi*# i|n tetrrryftni t4rirtf&'tmttmnn^n §nni«ipnc ? Both sealers wereLevites. combination of woman giving birth and three skins tied together, god with falcon head and sun-disk holding ankh, ithyphallic god with two plumes, uplifted arm and flagellum, god with arms supporting the sky and palm branch on head, goddess with feline head and sun with uraeus, eye with painted lower lid enclosed in sandy tract, Determinative for pupil (ḏfḏ) abbreviation for Heqat-measure grain, abbreviation for 1/8 Heqat-measure grain; in 2-fold execution (Determinative):, eyebrow (jnach) (two brows above one another), abbreviation for 1/16 Heqat-measure grain, abbreviation for 1/32 Heqat-measure grain, abbreviation for 1/64 Heqat-measure grain, diagonal and vertical markings of eye of Horus, Determinative Smell (sn) Ideogram for ear (msḏr), sound sign for ḫnt Determinative and Ideogram for nose (fnḏ), be happy (rschw), be (sfn) face, front (ḫnt), mild, itself wiedersetzten (btjn), disobediently, Determinative and Ideogram for nose (fnḏ), smell (sn), be happy (rschw), be, not (n) (nn), that that not (jwtj), do not know (ḫmj), shrine (ḫm), forget (me in smḫ), sound sign for ḏ (only in ḏdw busiris), mj (rarely), m (especially in: see (mk)), strongly (not), strike (achwj), examine (ḫꜣj) power abbreviation for, forearm with palm down and bent upper arm, Arm (gbꜣ), shoulder (rmn), to the left (jꜣbj), sing (ḥsj), actions with arm: bend (ḥms), movement: stop (grach), deny (nj) protect (ḫwj) lead (ḫrp). I've just updated it again. The last paragraph of the Latin document states:98In testimony of this thing so that neither the said aforementionedJews nor others among them can contradict the church in renderingaccount, at the request of both parties and with their consent, the seal. Seal of Petter Son of Moses Halevi 18484. The stamp is on thereverse of the letter, in wax on a small square of paper, a technique similarto that used at Mantua.

Berlin, 1913.Arbois de Jubainville, Henry d\ Histoires des dues et des comtes du Champagne, 6 vols. 8 x n mm. One would thus assume that the ring is still extant, but no mentionis made of its present location.The Spanish savants turned to Cecil Roth for an explanation of theabbreviation; he stated that the complete phrase is taken from Judges138, 5 : 24 and is a eulogy for Jael, the wife of Heber (“blessed shall she be Miscellaneaabove women in the tent”); the name Astruga was substituted for hers.Possibly this was a gift by some man to his wife some seven hundred yearsago. Impression.Location: House, Court and State Archives, Vienna^Bibliography: Monumenta Boica, 1912, No. 177Protection payment from Augsburg, 1308 178Seal of Lord Busso Gruelhut, 1305 185Quittance from Regensburg, 1302 186Loan agreement from Erding, 1338 191Residence affirmation from Regensburg, 1338 191Reverse of aes grave, Italy, ca. *An earlier Jewish source claims this name to be Pinhls, but this writer believes itto be Menachem.

Inventaire des archives de la ville de Strasbourg anterieures a 1790. The reverse side of the Privilege,"Records indicate that Schlom was mintmaster but was never made a count of thetreasury or otherwise ennobled.

Matrix.Location: Paul Dupuy Museum, Toulouse, No. The second and sixth in order from left are Jewishseals.The second person sealing the document after Count Tamas had aportrait seal somewhat similar to the seal attached to the Kassa documentof 1484 (No. Onit knows enterprise legal management software because its founders have been recognized for pioneering the industry nearly two decades ago, creating some of the first corporate, legal and IP spend and matter management solutions on the market. Seal of Berwout the Jew 280152.

Ra/Re ( Every pharaoh's prenomen has 'Re' in it, the name of the sun god (sometimes written 'Ra'). Seal ofYosi Son ofBonefaySUGYOSI : FILI : BONEFAIDimensions: 24 mm.Location: Muniment Room and Library, Westminster Abbey,6734. He repeats his promise to pay theone thousand three hundred gold ducats in a year’s time on behalf ofDavid and states that he will have a legal representative draw up theobligation in good form; he adds that the councillors may establish as acondition that a bank or someone else will hold the guaranty. Longperier sees such a relation between the crescent moon and thename Crechent or Crescent: the crescent moon, especially when associatedwith a star, was a conventional Jewish symbol throughout the medievalperiod. Seal of Gutkind [or Gutkint] Jew 272Breslau, Silesia [Wroclaw, Poland] 275148.

There is a Roman* Longperier (1872b) also gives the seal legend as Gervasius Ivdaevs.

ttVTp IDT = f“The memory of a just man be for a blessing,”♦HDID 1 ? Here is an article from USA Today dated 1 September 2009 that suggests that the NIV2011 is meant to replace both the NIV1984 and the TNIV. German StatesSeal of Renaud of Burgundy, 1284. Berlin, 1930.Stengers, Jean. Thus, Bonefay “son of” Barton may meanBonefay “from” Barton,* though if this interpretation is correct, the sealengraver made an error in adding what seems to be the yod. A. Reichel of the Frankfort archives,who has seen the original impression, suggests that the representation maybe of two crossed arrows. Seal of Tarrega 139SOUTHERN SPAIN OR SICILY 14168.

Thus in most respects, the Jewish seal of the late Middle Agesis typical of the bourgeois seal itself.The Heraldic Shield on Jewish SealsThe seal is intimately related to the hieratic structure of feudalsociety. (1869)-.329—420.Chazan, Robert. Because the letter was sealed by thestrip of paper to which the seal was attached, one had to cut the strip along the edge to openthe letter, like airmail letter forms today. It should be noted that the seal was found at aconsiderable distance from Avignon. Done the yearone thousand two hundred eighty six, the day above stated.Auguste Castan also mentions a quittance dated May, 1285, involving fifty livres of tournois money furnished to the count of Burgundy,Orthon III, by a Jew of Dole named Beniot. This edict was ofprime importance for the Jews of eastern Europe because the charter (asmodified six years later by the Austrian duke) was imitated in theterritories of Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, Poland, and Lithuania, givingJews a haven when they were expelled from western Europe. Following the model of the Medici bank, which also hadheadquarters in Florence, there were senior and junior partners in the daPisa firm, each partner investing money and receiving a proportionateshare of the profits—in effect, a continuation in a more sophisticated formof the monied syndicates used by Jews throughout the Middle Ages.Jehiel (Vitale) da Pisa not only moved the bank home office toFlorence but became a friend and associate of Lorenzo the Magnificent,the greatest of the Medicis. Itwould seem that, because of the greater latitude allowed in this area, whichonly a few years earlier had been a powerful independent duchy, exceptions were permitted to allow certain well-placed Jews to use personalseals. LostrLadyclown .

Seal of Jacob the Jew (the Scribe)[inner rim \S’ * IA[COBI I]VDEI *[outer rim][ ]apsr[ ][ ]Jacob[ ]Dimensions: 20 mm. The kings were thus assured of receiving a definite income34- in advance. Sealed with the seal of the Jewish Community ofRegensburg. Leon Gauthier remarks thatliterally dozens of families in Burgundy with the surname Juif had earlybecome Christians^ and that the name Juif in Burgundy is a commonlyaccepted Christian surname.It is notable that the two areas in France where the Protestantmovement made most headway were Languedoc and Burgundy, whichwere also the two areas where, under direct or indirect pressure, Jewishconversion had been greatest. Unlike thevarious countries on the Iberian peninsula, where the situation was similarin other respects, in Hungary the evidence indicates that the mostprominent Jews were officially ennobled; in Austria the process also tookplace, but in a much more limited way.The earliest such figure whom we know, Teka,* was the son of arich landowner, a fact referred to casually in a document from 1232. For Italian, thanks to Lilia Lodolini andProfessor Gian R. Sarolli, New York City. Affirmation of real estate transfer fromDusseldorf, October 7, 1513, sealed by Alert.Main State Archives of Dusseldorf.Duisburg134. *The shift in power from the patricians to the guilds, a fourteenth-and fifteenth-century phenomenon in many cities of Flanders and Italy, aswell as Germany (though it was sometimes only temporary in nature ortook the form of a seesawing back and forth between the two factions), didnot create a greater liberality of oudook but rather the opposite. 55 This summary, of course, does not reflect the entiretransaction. Furthermore, though thehands outspread in benediction standing for a Cohen and the water jug forablution representing a Levite are extremely common after the sixteenthcentury, they do not appear on Jewish seals of the earlier period. Seal of Jacob Mendel 327167. .and the Community of Jews in the town of Augsburg” and concludes, “Inorder that it will not be forgotten, this letter was made and sealed with thetown seal at Augsburg and with our seal, which are both appendedhereto.”It is thus apparent that we are dealing with two seal impressions,both indeed which are still extant, that of the city itself and that of theJewish community. man holding necks of two emblematic animals with panther heads, shepherd seated and wrapped in mantle, holding stick.

Papal bullae (“bulla” being asynonym for a seal pressed in a metal softened by heat) were of lead;occasionally they were made in gold for emperors.Two methods were used for affixing the impression to the document. But we know fromRosenberg (p. 128) that the latter Musch “called himself‘Musch Isserlein’sgrandson’ in order to be distinguished from another moneylender namedMusch who was also living in Marburg and for the most part workedtogether with his brother Chatschim of Cilli.” There is an extensivebackground of the business of the two brothers from 1353 to 1379, withdocuments showing loans to some three dozen high dignitaries.

^ A? ' By theend of his long reign, from 1307 to 1354, Baldwin had amassed anenormous fortune, reputed to be three hundred thousand gulden. The two Jews and the arbiters seal theEmpire document.Given in the year 1347 after the birth of Christ, the next Fridayafter Saint Gertrude’s Day [that is, March 23].Three parchment strips dangle from the document, as can be seenin the photograph here, to which the seals were attached. Thus the position of theJews in Languedoc before the crusade against the Albigenses and theinstitution of the Inquisition was similar to that of their co-religionists inneighboring Aragon-Catalonia, as well as Castile, and more secure thanthat of Jews elsewhere in Europe.The relendess religious war against Languedoc deteriorated into apolitical game between weakened Aragon, whose rulers, despite theirzealous Catholicism, felt a sympathy for their cousins in Languedoc, andimperialist France.

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